OWL

OWL - Web Ontology Language

Several languages


owl:Restriction: Restrictions

Allows to describe classes in terms of other things we already modeled

  • a Restriction in OWL is a Class defined by describing the individuals it contains
  • owl:Restriction rdfs:subClassOf owl:Class


Kinds of Restrictions

  • owl:someValuesFrom
    • all individuals form which at least one value of the property $P$ comes from some class $C$
    • e.g. :AllStarPlayer is a :Player for which at least one value of :playsFor comes from the class :AllStarTeam
    • [a owl:Restiction; owl:onProperty :playsFor; owl:someValuesFrom :AllStarTeam]
    • if at least one team of this guy is of the class :AllStarTeam $\Rightarrow$ he is an :AllStarPlayer
  • owl:allValuesFrom
    • individuals for which all values of property $P$ come from class $C$
    • if there are any members, they all must have the same property
  • owl:hasValue
    • all individuals that have some specific value $a$ for the property $P$
    • e.g. :JapanTeams - the set of all baseball :Teams :from :Japan
    • e.g. Suppose we have a property :orbitsAround
      • then everything that :orbitsAround :TheSun belongs to the :SolarSystem
      • [a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty :orbitsAround; owl:hasValue :TheSun]

Best way to use these restrictions:

  • rdfs:subClassOf
  • owl:equivalentClass


Example: Questionnaire

  • a questionnaire contains a number of questions
  • each question has some possible answers
  • in contrast to a quiz there is no "right" answer
  • the selection of some answers precludes other questions

Schema (namespace q):

  • owl-rest-quest1.png
q:optionOf a owl:ObjectProperty; 
    rdfs:domain q:Answer; 
    rdfs:range q:Question; 
    owl:inverseOf q:hasOption. 
q:hasOption a owl:ObjectProperty. 
q:answerText a owl:DatatypeProperty; 
    rdfs:domain q:Answer; 
    rdfs:range xsd:string. 
q:questionText a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:DatatypeProperty;
    rdfs:domain q:Question; 
    rdfs:range xsd:string. 
q:Answer a owl:Class. 
q:Question a owl:Class. 


Data (namespace d):

d:WhatProblem a q:Question; 
    q:hasOption d:STV, d:SInternet, d:SBoth; 
    q:questionText "What system are you having trouble with?".
    d:STV a q:Answer; 
    q:answerText "Cable TV". 
d:SInternet a q:Answer; 
    q:answerText "High-speed Internet". 
d:SBoth a q:Answer;
    q:answerText "Both". 
    d:TVsymptom a q:Question; 
    q:questionText "What television symptoms are you having?";
    q:hasOption d:TVSnothing, d:TVSnosound, d:TVStiling, d:TVSreception.
d:TVSnothing a q:Answer; 
    q:answerText "No Picture". 
d:TVSnosound a q:Answer; 
    q:answerText "No Sound". 
d:TVStiling a q:Answer; 
    q:answerText "Tiling". 
    d:TVSreception a q:Answer; 
    q:answerText "Bad reception". 


owl:someValuesFrom: Answered questions

For each question need to know what's selected

  • for that first define a special property q:hasSelectedOption:
    • q:hasSelectedOption a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:subPropertyOf q:hasOption.
  • suppose that for d:WhatProblem the selected option is d:STV
    • d:WhatProblem q:hasSelectedOption d:STV
  • a question is answered if it has a selected option (e.g. d:WhatProblem is answered)
q:AnsweredQuestion owl:equivalentClass 
    [a owl:Resrtiction; 
       owl:onProperty q:hasSelectedOption;
       owl:someValuesFrom q:Answer].


owl:allValuesFrom: Next Questions

Next questions should depend of what's been asked and answered

  • first, define all answers that were selected
  • q:SelectedAnswer a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf q:Answer
  • to make sure that any option that was selected will appear in this class:
    • q:SelectedAnswer rdfs:range q:SelectedAnswer
    • e.g. d:WhatProblem q:hasSelectedOption d:STV $\Rightarrow$
    • d:STV a q:SelectedAnswer

now define questions that can be asked: q:EnabledQuestion a owl:Class

  • when some answer is selected, we want to infer that some dependent questions become enabled
  • each answer potentially makes some other questions enabled
  • define property q:enablesCandidate for that
q:enablesCandidate a owl:ObjectProperty;
    rdfs:domain q:Asnwer;
    rdfs:range q:Question.

d:STV q:enablesCandidate d:TVsymptom. 
d:SBoth q:enablesCandidate d:TVsymptom. 

Restriction:

  • we want that only answers that were selected enforce this property
  • so use owl:allValuesFrom and rdfs:subClassOf
q:SelectedAnswer rdfs:subClassOf [a owl:Restriction; 
    owl:onProperty q:enablesCandidate; 
    owl:allValuesFrom q:EnabledQuestion] 


Inference example

  • assume d:STV is selected: d:STV a q:SelectedAnswer
  • infer that d:STV a [a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty q:enablesCandidate; owl:allValuesFrom q:EnabledQuestion]
  • any individuals related to it by q:enablesCandidate must be members of q:EnabledQuestion
  • since d:STV q:enablesCandidate d:TVsymptom infer that d:TVsymptom a q:EnabledQuestion


Sets and Counting

Union and Intersection

  • U a owl:Class; owl:unionOf (ns:A ns:B ...) .
  • I a owl:Class; owl:intersectionOf (ns:A ns:B ...) .

Example:

  • suppose we want to know what are enabled high-priority questions
q:CandidateQuestions owl:equivalentClass [
    a owl:Class;
      owl:intersectionOf(q:EnabledQuestion q:HighPriorityQuestion)]


Set Enumeration: Closing the World

Recall the Open World Assumption (see Semantic Web#Main Assumptions)

  • we can't be sure that if we don't have a record about some fact then it doesn't exist:
  • it can exist, but maybe we just don't know about it
  • sometimes we need to "close the world": assume we know everything

owl:oneOf

  • we assume that we can enumerate all the elements of some class
  • so we put a limit on the AAA slogan: now nobody can say something additional about this topic
  • so handle it with care
  • Example:
ss:SolarPlanet rdf:type owl:Class; 
    owl:oneOf (ss:Mercury ss:Venus  ss:Earth  ss:Mars
               ss:Jupiter ss:Saturn ss:Uranus ss:Neptune).


Cardinality Restrictions

  • to express constants on the # of individuals who can participate in some restriction class
  • for example, a baseball team can have only 9 players
[a owl:Restriction;
   owl:onProperty :hasPlayer;
   owl:cardinality 9]

Also can use:

  • owl:minCardinality - lower bound
  • owl:maxCardinality - upper bound


Set Compliment

ex:ClassA owl:complimentOf ex:ClassB

  • compliment - another class whose members are things that don't belong to this complimented class
  • $A = \Omega - B$

But it includes everything that is not in the complimented class

  • e.g. bb:MinorLeaguePlayer owl:complimentOf bb:MajorLeaguePlayer
  • this will include everything else in the universe: players, managers, fans, planets, etc
  • solution: combine with intersection
bb:MinorLeaguePlayer owl:intersectionOf (
    [a owl:Class; owl:complimentOf bb:MajorLeaguePlayer]
    bb:Player)
  • so bb:MinorLeaguePlayers are bb:Players who's not in Major League


Disjoint Sets

:Man owl:disjointSet :Woman

  • :Irene a :Woman
  • :Ralph a :Man
  • infer that :Irene owl:differentFRom :Ralph


Links

Protégé


See Also

Sources