m
 
Line 12: Line 12:
 
See $A$ as $m$ vectors along rows:
 
See $A$ as $m$ vectors along rows:
  
$A = \begin{bmatrix}
+
<math>A = \begin{bmatrix}
 
— \mathbf a_1 \,— \\  
 
— \mathbf a_1 \,— \\  
 
— \mathbf a_2 \,— \\  
 
— \mathbf a_2 \,— \\  
 
  ...  \\  
 
  ...  \\  
 
— \mathbf a_m \,—  
 
— \mathbf a_m \,—  
\end{bmatrix}$
+
\end{bmatrix}</math>
  
 
And then multiply (using [[Dot Product]]) each row $(\mathbf a_i)^T$ with the vector $\bf x$:
 
And then multiply (using [[Dot Product]]) each row $(\mathbf a_i)^T$ with the vector $\bf x$:
 
* $x_i = (\mathbf a_i)^T \mathbf b$
 
* $x_i = (\mathbf a_i)^T \mathbf b$
* $\mathbf x = \begin{bmatrix}
+
* <math>\mathbf x = \begin{bmatrix}
 
— (\mathbf a_1)^T \mathbf b \,— \\  
 
— (\mathbf a_1)^T \mathbf b \,— \\  
 
— (\mathbf a_2)^T \mathbf b \,— \\  
 
— (\mathbf a_2)^T \mathbf b \,— \\  
 
  ...  \\  
 
  ...  \\  
 
— (\mathbf a_m)^T \mathbf b \,—  
 
— (\mathbf a_m)^T \mathbf b \,—  
\end{bmatrix}$
+
\end{bmatrix}</math>
 
* Where dot product is $\mathbf a^T \mathbf b = \sum\limits_{i=1}^m a_i b_i$
 
* Where dot product is $\mathbf a^T \mathbf b = \sum\limits_{i=1}^m a_i b_i$
  
Line 33: Line 33:
 
Another way to see $A$ is as $n$ vectors along columns:
 
Another way to see $A$ is as $n$ vectors along columns:
  
$A = \begin{bmatrix}
+
<math>A = \begin{bmatrix}
 
\mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \ \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \ \cdots \  \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^|  
 
\mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \ \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \ \cdots \  \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^|  
\end{bmatrix}$
+
\end{bmatrix}</math>
  
 
When we multiply $A$ on a vector $\mathbf b$, it produces a [[Linear Combination]] of these column vectors:  
 
When we multiply $A$ on a vector $\mathbf b$, it produces a [[Linear Combination]] of these column vectors:  
  
$A \mathbf b = \begin{bmatrix}
+
<math>A \mathbf b = \begin{bmatrix}
 
\mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \ \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \ \cdots \ \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^|  
 
\mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \ \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \ \cdots \ \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^|  
 
\end{bmatrix} \mathbf b =  
 
\end{bmatrix} \mathbf b =  
 
   b_1 \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix}  
 
   b_1 \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix}  
 
+ b_2 \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix} + \cdots
 
+ b_2 \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix} + \cdots
+ \ b_n \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix}$
+
+ \ b_n \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix}</math>
  
  
 
=== Example ===
 
=== Example ===
$\begin{bmatrix}
+
<math>\begin{bmatrix}
 
2 & 5\\  
 
2 & 5\\  
 
1 & 3
 
1 & 3
Line 54: Line 54:
 
1 \\
 
1 \\
 
2
 
2
\end{bmatrix} $
+
\end{bmatrix}</math>
 
+
  
 
Row at a time:  
 
Row at a time:  
* $[2 \ 5] \begin{bmatrix}
+
* <math>[2 \ 5] \begin{bmatrix}
 
1 \\
 
1 \\
 
2
 
2
Line 75: Line 74:
 
12 \\
 
12 \\
 
7
 
7
\end{bmatrix}$
+
\end{bmatrix}</math>
  
  
 
Column at a time
 
Column at a time
* $1 \begin{bmatrix}
+
* <math>1 \begin{bmatrix}
 
2 \\
 
2 \\
 
1
 
1
Line 88: Line 87:
 
12 \\
 
12 \\
 
7
 
7
\end{bmatrix}$
+
\end{bmatrix}</math>
  
  

Latest revision as of 13:14, 24 January 2020

Matrix-Vector Multiplication

Suppose we have an $m \times n$ matrix $A$ and $n$-vector $\mathbf b$

  • How to calculate $\mathbf x = A \mathbf b$?
  • note that $\mathbf x \in \mathbb R^m$

There are two equivalent ways to do it:

  • Row at a time
  • Column at a time


Row at a Time

See $A$ as $m$ vectors along rows:

[math]A = \begin{bmatrix} — \mathbf a_1 \,— \\ — \mathbf a_2 \,— \\ ... \\ — \mathbf a_m \,— \end{bmatrix}[/math]

And then multiply (using Dot Product) each row $(\mathbf a_i)^T$ with the vector $\bf x$:

  • $x_i = (\mathbf a_i)^T \mathbf b$
  • [math]\mathbf x = \begin{bmatrix} — (\mathbf a_1)^T \mathbf b \,— \\ — (\mathbf a_2)^T \mathbf b \,— \\ ... \\ — (\mathbf a_m)^T \mathbf b \,— \end{bmatrix}[/math]
  • Where dot product is $\mathbf a^T \mathbf b = \sum\limits_{i=1}^m a_i b_i$


Column at a Time

Another way to see $A$ is as $n$ vectors along columns:

[math]A = \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \ \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \ \cdots \ \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix}[/math]

When we multiply $A$ on a vector $\mathbf b$, it produces a Linear Combination of these column vectors:

[math]A \mathbf b = \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \ \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \ \cdots \ \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix} \mathbf b = b_1 \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_1}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix} + b_2 \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_2}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix} + \cdots + \ b_n \begin{bmatrix} \mathop{a_n}\limits_|^| \end{bmatrix}[/math]


Example

[math]\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 5\\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix}[/math]

Row at a time:

  • [math][2 \ 5] \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} = 2 \cdot 1 + 5 \cdot 2 = 12$ * $[1 \ 3] \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} = 1 \cdot 1 + 3 \cdot 2 = 7$ * so $\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 5\\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 12 \\ 7 \end{bmatrix}[/math]


Column at a time

  • [math]1 \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} + 2 \begin{bmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 12 \\ 7 \end{bmatrix}[/math]


Left Vector Multiplication

A vector may be on the left of the matrix as well

  • in such case $\mathbf b$ is a row vector, and thus the result $\mathbf x$ is as well a row vector
  • let $\mathbf b \in \mathbb R^{m}$ and $A \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$
  • $\mathbf b^T A = \mathbf x^T$
  • Can transpose both parts and get $A^T \mathbf b = \mathbf x$
  • and we're back to the normal column-vector case


Sources