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== ODBC in Practice ==
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== ODBA in Practice ==
 
=== ONTOP ===
 
=== ONTOP ===
 
ONTOP: http://ontop.inf.unibz.it
 
ONTOP: http://ontop.inf.unibz.it
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== Source ==
 
== Source ==
* Web Data Management book [http://webdam.inria.fr/Jorge]
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* [[Web Data Management (book)]]
 
* [[XML and Web Technologies (UFRT)]]
 
* [[XML and Web Technologies (UFRT)]]
 
* [[Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist (book)]]
 
* [[Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist (book)]]
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[[Category:Semantic Web]]
 
[[Category:Semantic Web]]
 +
[[Category:Databases]]

Latest revision as of 15:43, 23 November 2015

Ontology Based Data Access

For querying ontologies

  • typically using SPARQL
  • keep data in a db (or a triple store), but access it via ontologies
  • as a bonus, have inference capabilities during query answering, since it's based on Logic
  • also useful for Data Integration


Query Answering

Difference: Ontologies and traditional Databases

  • In DBMS all facts are explicit, but in Semantic Web, there are inferred tuples
  • Constraints: can't violate in RDBMs, additional facts are inferred in SW to satisfy the constraints


Use SPARQL for querying ontologies

Example:

SELECT ?x WHERE {
  ?x :EnrolledIn ?y .
  ?z :Leads ?y .
  ?z rdf:type :Professor .
}

Translation:

  • FOL: $Q(x) \equiv \forall x \ \exists \ y, z \ : \ \text{EnrolledIn}(x, y) \land \text{Leads}(z, y) \land \text{Professor}(z)$
  • CQ: $Q(x) \leftarrow \text{EnrolledIn}(x, y), \text{Leads}(z, y), \text{Professor}(z)$


Inference Approaches

But since the ontologies are backed by some storage,

  • need to make sure that inference happens
  • otherwise we will just query facts not backed by TBox of our ontology


Main Approaches

Cached Inference

  • inferred triples are stored along with asserted
  • risk an explosion of the triple store
  • also, change management is important - how to propagate changes and deletes
  • for deletes - same inferred tuple can be due to several facts, so need to be careful when deleting


Just-In-Time Inference

  • To respond to queries only
  • no inferred triples retained


Compromise

  • can be materialization of some inferences tuples


Just-In-Time Inference

Query

  • (for ABox and TBox, see Descriptive Logic)
  • using both ABox (facts - RDF graph) and TBox (rules - Ontology)
  • a triple is in an answer set either
    • because it's in the ABox
    • or it's a consequence of some fact from ABox inferred by the TBox

Note:


So, Answer set evaluation:

  • consists of two phases
  • query reformulation (rewriting)
    • translate the original query $q$ into a set of queries $Q$
    • reasoning happens here: Only TBox is accessed
    • algorithm for rewriting: #Perfect Rewriting
  • query execution
    • for each $q_i \in \{ q \} \cap Q$
    • execute $q_i$ against the ABox
    • (simply evaluating $q$ will give us an incomplete result)

rewriting.png


Example

Consider this query $Q(x)$:

  • $Q(x) \leftarrow \text{EnrolledIn}(x, y), \text{Leads}(z, y), \text{Professor}(z)$ can become:

Set of rules (FOL notation)

  • $\text{AcademicStaff} (X) \Rightarrow \text{Staff} (X)$
  • $\text{Professor}(X) \Rightarrow \text{AcademicStaff} (X)$
  • $\text{Lecturer}(X) \Rightarrow \text{AcademicStaff} (X)$
  • $\text{PhDStudent}(X) \Rightarrow \text{Lecturer}(X)$
  • $\text{PhDStudent}(X) \Rightarrow \text{Student}(X)$
  • $\text{TeachesIn}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{AcademicStaff}(X)$
  • $\text{TeachesIn}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Course}(Y)$
  • $\text{ResponsibleOf} (X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Professor}(X)$
  • $\text{ResponsibleOf} (X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Course}(Y)$
  • $\text{TeachesTo}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{AcademicStaff} (X)$
  • $\text{TeachesTo}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Student}(Y)$
  • $\text{Leads}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{AdministrativeStaff} (X)$
  • $\text{Leads}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Dept}(Y)$
  • $\text{RegisteredIn}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Student}(X)$
  • $\text{RegisteredIn}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{Course}(Y)$
  • $\text{ResponsibleOf}(X, Y) \Rightarrow \text{TeachesIn}(X, Y)$
  • $\text{Professor}(X) \Rightarrow \exists Y \ : \ \text{TeachesIn}(X, Y)$
  • $\text{Course}(X) \Rightarrow \exists Y \ : \ \text{RegisteredIn}(Y, X)$
  • $\text{Student}(X) \Rightarrow \lnot \text{Staff} (X)$

The following are reformulations of $Q(x)$

  • $q_{1}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{Student}(z)$
  • $q_{2}(x) \leftarrow \text{TeachesIn}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{PhDStudent}(z)$
  • $q_{3}(x) \leftarrow \text{TeachesIn}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{TeachesTo}(_,z)$
  • $q_{4}(x) \leftarrow \text{TeachesIn}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(_,y)$
  • $q_{5}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{PhDStudent}(z) $
  • $q_{6}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{TeachesTo}(_,z)$
  • $q_{7}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(_,y)$
  • $q_{8}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{PhDStudent}(z)$
  • $q_{9}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(z,y), \text{TeachesTo}(_,z)$
  • $q_{10}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,y), \text{RegisteredIn}(_,y)$
  • $q_{11}(x) \leftarrow \text{TeachesIn}(x,y), Course(y)$
  • $q_{12}(x) \leftarrow \text{TeachesIn}(x,_)$
  • $q_{13}(x) \leftarrow \text{ResponsibleOf}(x,_)$
  • $q_{14}(x) \leftarrow \text{Professor}(x)$

And the result is

  • union of all queries:
  • $q^*(x) \leftarrow q(x) \cup q_1(x) \cup ... \cup q_{14}(x)$


Algorithm

Evaluating a query

  • given a (Union of) CQs q and DL ontology $O = \langle T, A \rangle$
  • compute the perfect rewriting of $q$ over $T$
  • evaluate over $A$


Computing the Perfect Rewriting

  • start from $q$
  • iteratively get $q'$ and collect a union of queries $\text{PR}$
  • unify an atom of $q$ using inclusion
  • unity an atom on $q'$ to obtain more specific CQ to expand further


Reference:

  • Web Data Management book, section 9.4
  • "Answering queries through DL-LITE ontologies"
  • 9.4.3 Answer set evaluation
  • PerfectRef algorithm - page 170


ODBA Architecture

semantic-web-data-access.png

There are 3 main components

  • Ontology - unified conceptual view of managed information
  • Data Sources - external, possible heterogeneous
  • Mappings - map data from DS to ontology


Formalization

A OBDA is $O = \langle T, S, M \rangle$ where

  • $T$ - is a DL Tbox
  • $S$ - (federated) database that represents the sources
  • $M$ - mapping assertions
    • each of the form $\Phi(\vec{x}) \mapsto \Psi(\vec{x})$
    • $\Phi(\vec{x})$ - FOL query over $S$, returns facts - values for $\vec{x}$
    • $\Psi(\vec{x})$ - FOL over $T$
    • so mappings from $M$ translates queries over $S$ to queries over $T$


Mappings

Mappings set $M$

  • $M$ is crucial in OBDA
  • it encodes how to use data from $S$ to populate elements of $T$

Mappings:

  • each mapping $m \in M$ of the form $m: \Phi(\vec{x}) \mapsto \Psi(\vec{x})$
  • $\Phi(\vec{x})$ - FOL query over $S$, returns facts - values for $\vec{x}$
  • $\Psi(\vec{x})$ - FOL over $T$
  • so mappings from $M$ translates queries over $S$ to queries over $T$


Virtual Data Layer (VDL) - virtual ABox

  • $S$ and $M$ define a VDL $V = M(S)$
  • so, queries are answered using $T$ and $V$
  • but we don't materialize data in $V$ - it's virtual
  • and information in $T$ and $M$ is used to translate queries over $T$ into queries over $S$
  • queries over $V$ are answered in the same way:


ODBA in Practice

ONTOP

ONTOP: http://ontop.inf.unibz.it

ONTOP:

  • Translates SPARQL to SQL
  • Can work as a SPARQL endpoint
  • ontop.png
  • Quest [1] is a component that does the translation


Source